Answer-
1. What is Python, and why is it popular for webdevelopment?
- Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language known for its readability and extensive libraries, making it a popular choice for web development with frameworks like Django and Flask.
2. What is Django, and how does it differ from Flask?
- Django is a high-level Python web framework that follows the “batteries-included” philosophy, providing built-in tools like an ORM, admin panel, and authentication.
- Flask is a lightweight and flexible microframework, offering greater control and fewer built-in features than Django.
3. What are views in Django, and what role do they play?
- Views handle the logic of the application, processing user requests and returning HTTP responses (HTML pages, JSON data, etc.) in Django.
4. What is an ORM, and how does Django’s ORM work?
- An ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) allows you to interact with the database using Python objects instead of SQL. Django’s ORM maps database tables to Python models, making database interactions more intuitive.
5. Explain how templates work in Django.
- Django templates allow developers to dynamically generate HTML content. Templates are populated with data passed from views using placeholders and template tags.
6. How do you handle static files (CSS, JS) in Django?
- Static files in Django are managed using the STATIC_URL and STATICFILES_DIRS settings, and they are collected using the collectstatic command in production.
7. What is middleware in Django?
- Middleware is a layer that processes requests and responses before reaching views or after leaving views. It can be used for tasks like session management, security checks, and logging.
8. How do you define URL patterns in Django?
- URL patterns are defined in the urls.py file, using the path() or re_path() functions to map URLs to specific views.
9. What is the difference between GET and POST methods inHTTP?
- GET requests retrieve data from the server without modifying it, while POST requests send data to the server, often to create or update resources.
10. How do you handle form data in Django?
- Django provides the forms module to handle form creation, validation, and data processing. Forms can be rendered in templates, and data is validated server-side.
11. What are migrations in Django?
- Migrations are a way to propagate changes made to your models (like adding fields or modifying tables) to the database schema using Django’s makemigrations and migrate commands.
12. Explain the render() function in Django.
- The render() function combines a given template with a context dictionary and returns an HttpResponse object containing the rendered text (usually HTML).
13. How do you secure a Django web application?
- Security can be enforced by enabling CSRF protection, XSS protection, using SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT, password hashing, and other best practices like input validation and using HTTPS.
14. How do you set up a REST API in Django using DjangoREST Framework (DRF)?
- DRF allows you to create RESTful APIs by defining serializers (for data transformation), views (for request handling), and routers (for mapping URLs).
15. What is Flask, and how do you define routes in it?
- Flask is a micro web framework for Python. Routes are defined using decorators like @app.route('/path'), which maps a URL to a specific function that returns a response.
16. What is Jinja2 in Flask, and how does it work?
- Jinja2 is Flask’s templating engine, similar to Django’s templates. It allows you to create dynamic HTML by embedding Python expressions and logic into the template files.
17. How do you manage database connections in Flask?
- Flask does not have built-in database support like Django but uses extensions like Flask-SQLAlchemy to manage database connections and perform operations.
18. What are sessions, and how do you manage them inFlask and Django?
- Sessions store user-specific data (like login information) across requests. In Django, sessions are managed using middleware, while Flask stores session data in cookies or server-side.
19. Explain the concept of authentication andauthorization in Django.
- Authentication confirms a user’s identity (login), and authorization checks the user’s permissions (what they can do). Django offers built-in authentication views and permissions for user management.
20. What is the role of csrf_token in Django forms?
- The csrf_token is used to protect forms from CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) attacks by ensuring that the request originates from the site it claims to be from.
21. What is asynchronous programming, and how can it beimplemented in Python?
- Asynchronous programming allows non-blocking operations (like network I/O) to be handled concurrently. In Python, it can be implemented using asyncio, async/await, and libraries like aiohttp.
22. What is WebSocket, and how do you implement real-timecommunication in Python web apps?
- WebSockets enable full-duplex communication channels over a single TCP connection. In Python, WebSockets can be implemented using libraries like channels in Django or Flask-SocketIO.
23. How would you use Docker to deploy a Python webapplication?
- Docker can be used to containerize a Python web app, making it portable. You define the environment and dependencies in a Dockerfile, then build and run the container using docker-compose.
24. What is the difference between synchronous andasynchronous web frameworks in Python?
- Synchronous frameworks (like Django) handle one request at a time per process, while asynchronous frameworks (like FastAPI, Aiohttp) can handle multiple requests concurrently, improving scalability.
25. How do you ensure performance optimization in Pythonweb applications?
- Techniques include database indexing, query optimization, using caching systems (like Redis), minimizing HTTP requests, load balancing, and asynchronous processing to improve response time.
These questions cover both Python back-end and front-enddevelopment concepts, typical for full-stack web development interviews.
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